Use of probiotics and similar in pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a systematic review / Uso de probióticos e similares em pacientes pediátricos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, evaluating the effect of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Data source: The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases were searched. Randomized clinical trials of pediatric patients with DM1 using probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics were included, regardless of year or language of publication. Studies that did not evaluate glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were excluded. Metabolic results (HbA1c, total insulin dose and C-peptide) and inflammatory control [interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] during probiotic supplementation or similar, related to modification of the intestinal microbiota, were analyzed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022384485. Data synthesis: Five studies were selected for a systematic review. Regarding metabolic markers, only one of the articles that analyzed HbA1c showed a significant decrease (p=0.03) in the intervention group. One study identified a reduction in the total dose of insulin and increased C-peptide levels. Regarding the evaluation of inflammatory parameters (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), there were no statistical relevant modifications. Conclusions: Current data from the literature were not conclusive in identifying an improvement in glycemic control and did not observe changes in inflammatory parameters with the use of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics in pediatric patients with T1DM.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados avaliando o efeito da suplementação de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos no controle glicêmico e inflamatório em crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Fontes de dados: As bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) foram pesquisadas. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados de pacientes pediátricos com DM1 em uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos, independentemente de ano ou idioma de publicação. Foram excluídos os trabalhos que não avaliaram hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Os resultados metabólicos (HbA1c, dose de insulina total e peptídeo C) e o controle inflamatório [interleucina-10 — IL-10), fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e interferon-gama (IFN-γ)] durante a suplementação de probióticos ou similares, relacionados à modificação da microbiota intestinal, foram analisados. ID PROSPERO: CRD42022384485. Síntese dos dados: Cinco estudos foram selecionados para revisão sistemática. Com relação aos marcadores metabólicos, apenas um dos artigos que analisaram a HbA1c apresentou diminuição significativa (p=0,03) no grupo intervenção. Um estudo identificou redução da dose total de insulina e aumento dos níveis de peptídeo C. Quanto à avaliação dos parâmetros inflamatórios (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), não houve modificações de relevância estatística. Conclusões: Os dados atuais da literatura não foram conclusivos em identificar melhora no controle glicêmico e não observaram mudanças nos parâmetros inflamatórios com o uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos em pacientes pediátricos com DM1.

Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.

Correlación entre tiempo en rango y hemoglobina glicosilada en personas con diabetes mellitus: revisión sistemática / Correlation between time on target and glycated hemoglobin in people with diabetes mellitus: systematic review / Correlação entre tempo no alvo e hemoglobina glicada de pessoas com diabetes mellitus: revisão sistemática

Objetivo: analizar la correlación entre el tiempo en rango y la hemoglobina glicosilada de personas que viven con diabetes mellitus y realizan la monitorización continua de la glucemia o el automonitoreo de la glucemia capilar Método: revisión sistemática de etiología y riesgo basada en las directrices del JBI e informada según los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, abarcando seis bases de datos y la literatura gris. La muestra incluyó 16 estudios y la calidad metodológica fue evaluada utilizando las herramientas del JBI. Protocolo registrado en Open Science Framework, disponible en https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Resultados: tiempo en rango (70-180 mg/dl) mostró una correlación negativa con la hemoglobina glicosilada, mientras que el tiempo por encima del rango (>180 mg/dl) mostró una correlación positiva. Los coeficientes de correlación variaron entre -0,310 y -0,869 para el tiempo en rango, y entre 0,66 y 0,934 para el tiempo por encima del rango. Un estudio se realizó en una población que hacía el automonitoreo. Conclusión: hay una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo en rango y el tiempo por encima del rango con la hemoglobina glicosilada. Cuanto mayor sea la proporción en el rango glucémico adecuado, más cerca o por debajo del 7% estará la hemoglobina glicosilada. Se necesitan más estudios que evalúen esta métrica con datos del automonitoreo de la glucemia.

Objective: to analyze the correlation between time on target and glycated hemoglobin in people living with diabetes mellitus and carrying out continuous blood glucose monitoring or self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose. Method: systematic review of etiology and risk based on JBI guidelines and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses, covering six databases and grey literature. The sample included 16 studies and methodological quality was assessed using JBI tools. Protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Results: time on target (70-180 mg/dl) showed a negative correlation with glycated hemoglobin, while time above target (>180 mg/dl) showed a positive correlation. Correlation coefficients ranged between -0.310 and -0.869 for time on target, and between 0.66 and 0.934 for time above target. A study was carried out on a population that performed self-monitoring. Conclusion: there is a statistically significant correlation between time on target and time above target with glycated hemoglobin. The higher the proportion in the adequate glycemic range, the closer to or less than 7% the glycated hemoglobin will be. More studies are needed to evaluate this metric with data from self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Objetivo: analisar a correlação entre o tempo no alvo e a hemoglobina glicada de pessoas que vivem com diabetes mellitus e realizam a monitorização contínua da glicemia ou a automonitorização da glicemia capilar. Método: revisão sistemática de etiologia e de risco pautada nas diretrizes do JBI e reportada conforme Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, abrangendo seis bases de dados e a literatura cinzenta. A amostra incluiu 16 estudos e a qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando as ferramentas do JBI. Registrado protocolo no Open Science Framework, disponível em https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Resultados: tempo no alvo (70-180 mg/dl) apresentou correlação negativa com a hemoglobina glicada, enquanto o tempo acima do alvo (>180 mg/dl) mostrou correlação positiva. Os coeficientes de correlação variaram entre -0,310 e -0,869 para o tempo no alvo, e entre 0,66 e 0,934 para o tempo acima do alvo. Um estudo foi efetuado com população que realizava a automonitorização. Conclusão: há correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o tempo no alvo e o tempo acima do alvo com a hemoglobina glicada. Quanto maior a proporção na faixa glicêmica adequada, mais próxima ou inferior a 7% estará a hemoglobina glicada. São necessários mais estudos que avaliem essa métrica com dados da automonitorização da glicemia.

Correlación entre la glucosa salival con la glucosa de ayuno, la Hemoglobina glicada y el Péptido-C en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Objetivo : Determinar la correlación entre la glucosa salival con la glucosa en ayunas, HbA1c y el péptido C en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Materiales y métodos : Estudio transversal llevado a cabo en el Centro de Investigación en Diabetes, Obesidad y Nutrición (CIDON) en Lima, Perú durante el año 2021. Se categorizó en buen control metabólico (HbA1c<7 %) y mal control metabólico (HbA1c≥7 %). Se midió la glucosa basal, HbA1c y el péptido C en sangre. La glucosa salival se midió con el método glucosa oxidasa. La correlación de Spearman fue usada para determinar la asociación entre la glucosa salival con la glucosa en ayunas, HbA1c y el péptido- C. Resultados : Participaron un total de 142 personas con DM2. La concentración de glucosa salival fue significativamente más elevada en DM2 con mal control metabólico (p<0.01). Se observó una correlación positiva débil significativa entre la glucosa salival y la glucosa basal (r=0.23, p=0.04) y HbA1c (r=0.26, p=0.02) en DM2 con mal control metabólico y una correlación negativa insignificante (r=-0.08; p=0.47) con el péptido C. Conclusiones : La glucosa salival presenta una asociación significativa y positiva con la glucosa en sangre y la HbA1c, pero no con el péptido C en personas con DM2 con mal control metabólico. Sin embargo, hay muchos factores que deben ser considerados y analizados más a fondo para determinar su posible uso.

Objetivo : To determine the correlation between salivary glucose levels with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and C-peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods : This is a cross-sectional study performed at the Centro de Investigación en Diabetes, Obesidad y Nutrición (CIDON) in Lima, Peru, during 2021. Patients were categorized as those with good metabolic control (HbA1c<7 %), and poor metabolic control (HbA1c≥7 %). Baseline fasting blood glucose, as well as blood HbA1c and C-peptide values were measured. Salivary glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method. Spearman's correlation was used for determining an association between salivary glucose levels and fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and C-peptide. Results : One-hundred and forty-two subjects with T2DM participated in the study. Salivary glucose was significantly higher in T2DM subjects with poor metabolic control (p<0.01). A weak positive correlation between salivary glucose and fasting blood glucose (r= 0.23, p= 0.04) and HbA1c (r= 0.26, p= 0.02) was observed in subjects with T2DM and poor metabolic control, and also a non-significant negative correlation (r=-0.08; p= 0.47) with C-peptide. Conclusions : Salivary glucose levels show significant and positive association with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, but not with C-peptide in persons with T2DM and poor metabolic control. However, there are many factors that should be considered and analyzed in detail aiming to determine its potential use.

Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec vs. Once-Daily Insulin Glargine U100 for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase 2 randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT Objective: Insulin Icodec is a novel basal insulin analogue designed for once-weekly administration, therefore might propitiate reduction in the frequency of injections and facilitate treatment adherence. This study aimed to determine the glycemic control and safety profile of Insulin Icodec, compared with Glargine U100 in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) data comparing Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec and Once-Daily Insulin Glargine U100 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for trials published up to May 14, 2022. Data were extracted from published reports and quality assessment was performed per Cochrane recommendations. Results: Three studies were included comprising 453 patients, 230 (50.77%) using Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec and 223 (49.22%) using Once-Daily Insulin Glargine U100. In the pooled data, Glycated Hemoglobin (MD -0.20% CI -0.33 to -0.07%; P=0.002) change from baseline demonstrated a significantly higher reduction in the Icodec group. Time with Glucose in Range (MD 6.60% CI 3.63 to 9.57%; P < 0.0001) and Insulin Dose Difference (MD 0.97UI CI 0.76 to 1.18UI; P < 0.0001) were higher in the Icodec group. There was no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose, body weight change, hypoglycemia or any adverse event evaluated. Conclusions: Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec was associated with a small reduction in Glycated Hemoglobin, as well as higher Time with Glucose in Range, with similar hypoglycemic adverse events, when compared with Once-Daily Insulin Glargine U100.

Resultados Imediatos após Múltiplos Enxertos Arteriais em Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica no Estado de São Paulo: Estudo de Coorte / Immediate Results after Multiple Arterial Grafts in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in the São Paulo State: Cross Cohort Study

Resumo Fundamento Os resultados a curto prazo após o uso de enxertos arteriais ainda suscitam questionamentos e dúvidas na sociedade médica. Objetivo Comparar os resultados imediatos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com enxerto arterial único versus enxertos arteriais múltiplos. Métodos Estudo de coorte transversal no Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II (REPLICCAR II). Os dados perioperatórios de 3122 pacientes foram agrupados pelo número de enxertos arteriais utilizados e seus desfechos foram comparados: reoperação, infecção profunda da ferida torácica (IPFT), acidente vascular cerebral, lesão renal aguda, intubação prolongada (>24 horas), tempo de internação curta (<6 dias), tempo de internação prolongada (>14 dias), morbidade e mortalidade. O Propensity Score Matching (PSM) correspondeu a 1062 pacientes, ajustado para o risco de mortalidade. Resultados Após PSM, o grupo enxerto arterial único apresentou pacientes com idade avançada, mais ex-fumantes, hipertensos, diabéticos, portadores de angina estável e infarto do miocárdio prévio. Nos enxertos arteriais múltiplos houve predomínio do sexo masculino, pneumonia recente e cirurgias de urgência. Após o procedimento, houve maior incidência de derrame pleural (p=0,042), pneumonia (p=0,01), reintubação (p=0,006), IPFT (p=0,007) e desbridamento esternal (p=0,015) no grupo de enxertos multiarteriais, porém, menor necessidade de hemotransfusão (p=0,005), infecções de extremidades (p=0,002) e menor tempo de internação (p=0,036). O uso bilateral da artéria torácica interna não foi relacionado ao aumento da taxa de IPFT, e sim a hemoglobina glicosilada >6,40% (p=0,048). Conclusão Pacientes submetidos a técnica multiarterial apresentaram maior incidência de complicações pulmonares e IPFT, sendo que a hemoglobina glicosilada ≥6,40% teve maior influência no resultado infeccioso do que a escolha dos enxertos.

Abstract Background The short-term results after using arterial grafts still raise questions and doubts for medical society. Objective To compare the immediate outcomes of patients undergoing single arterial graft versus multiple arterial grafts coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods Cross-sectional cohort study in the São Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery II (REPLICCAR II). Perioperative data from 3122 patients were grouped by the number of arterial grafts used, and their outcomes were compared: reoperation, deep sternal wound infection (DSWI), stroke, acute kidney injury, prolonged intubation (>24 hours), short hospital stay (<6 days), prolonged hospital stay (>14 days), morbidity and mortality. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) matched 1062 patients, adjusted for the mortality risk. Results After PSM, the single arterial graft group showed patients with advanced age, more former smokers, hypertension, diabetes, stable angina, and previous myocardial infarction. In the multiple arterial grafts, there was a predominance of males, recent pneumonia, and urgent surgeries. After the procedure, there was a higher incidence of pleural effusion (p=0.042), pneumonia (p=0.01), reintubation (p=0.006), DSWI (p=0.007), and sternal debridement (p=0.015) in the multiple arterial grafts group, however, less need for blood transfusion (p=0.005), extremity infections (p=0.002) and shorter hospital stays (p=0.036). Bilateral use of the internal thoracic artery was not related to increased DSWI rate, but glycosylated hemoglobin >6.40% (p=0.048). Conclusion Patients undergoing the multiarterial technique had a higher incidence of pulmonary complications, and DSWI, where glycosylated hemoglobin ≥6.40%, had a greater influence on the infectious outcome than the choice of grafts.

The impact of flash glucose monitoring on glycemic control, residual islet function, and patient-reported outcomes in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To assess the effect of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control, residual islet function, and patient-reported outcomes in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes within 1 year.Methods:133 children and adolescents with newly diagnosed T1DM in the T1D clinic of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2016 to January 2020 were divided into two groups: FGM group ( n=82) and SMBG group ( n=51). The observation indexes included hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c), fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and 2 h BG), C-peptide (FCP and 2 h CP) during the one-year follow-up, Δ CP (2 h CP-FCP), patient-reported hypoglycemia and questionnaires regarding self-management of diabetes and quality of life. Results:At 6 months, HbA 1c in 2 groups was significantly decreased (all P<0.05); at 6 to 12 months, HbA 1c in FGM group tended to be stable ( P>0.05); at 12 months, HbA 1c in SMBG group was significantly increased compared with 6 months ( P=0.001). At 12 months, HbA 1c in SMBG group was higher than that in FGM group ( P=0.001). At 12 months, FBG in FGM group was equivalent to the baseline level ( P>0.05), while FBG in SMBG group was significantly higher than the baseline level ( P=0.006). 2 h BG only decreased at the 6th and 12th month in FGM group (all P<0.05). The FCP of SMBG group was significantly decreased at 12 months ( P<0.05), and the 2 h CP, Δ CP in the two groups decreased gradually (all P<0.05). FGM group had more hypoglycemic events at 6 and 12 months (all P<0.05). At 6 months, the score of Self-Management of T1D for Adolescents (SMOD-A) in FGM group was significantly improved ( P=0.001). During the follow-up period, the quality of life score of FGM group was stable ( P>0.05), while the quality of life score of SMBG group had a downward trend ( P=0.052). Conclusions:In newly diagnosed children and adolescents with T1DM, early application of FGM for blood glucose management will help to improve HbA 1c and reduce postprandial blood glucose. In addition, the self-management ability of children with FGM was improved after 6 months.

Association between glycemic control and albuminuria among Peruvian adults with diabetes mellitus 2: a cross-sectional analytical study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Albuminuria is a risk factor for microvascular and macrovascular complications in the diabetic population. However, few studies have correlated poor glycemic control and albuminuria prevalence in Hispanic populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between glycemic control and albuminuria among Peruvian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study among adults with T2DM in Lima, Peru. METHODS: We included adults over 18 years old who were in a clinical follow-up program at a private clinic in Lima in 2018. Poor glycemic control was defined as a serum value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) ≥ 7%. Albuminuria was defined as albumin values > 30 mg/dl in the first morning urine. We generated generalized linear regression models from the Poisson family with robust variance. We calculated the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) with their 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: We analyzed 907 participants of median age 58 years (interquartile range, IQR 49 to 66), and 62.8% were males. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 39.8%, and the prevalence of albuminuria was 22.7%. The prevalences of albuminuria in groups with poor glycemic control and adequate glycemic control were 32.7% and 16.1%, respectively. In the adjusted regression analysis, we found a statistically significant association between poor glycemic control and albuminuria (annual percentage rate, aPR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.28-2.27). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of poor glycemic control and albuminuria was high in our study population. Moreover, Peruvian T2DM adults with poor glycemic control were more likely to have albuminuria.

Glycated Haemoglobin Levels and Its Effect on Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery

Abstract There remains a significant paucity of information evaluating the effect of glycated HbA1c levels and its theorized effect on mortality and morbidity rates following cardiac surgery. Diabetes is a very common comorbidity in patients undergoing open heart surgery, as there is a shift in patient characteristics and greater risk. Currently, there is no clear consensus that an increase in HbA1c level is associated with increased perioperative mortality rate. However, the reported literature is more commonly able to demonstrate that elevated HbA1c levels is associated with increased rates of wound infection, cardiovascular events and renal failure, and thus, higher post-operative morbidities. This review aims to examine and synthesis the evidence behind each of the morbidities and mortalities associated with open heart surgery and the impact of high HbA1c on the reported outcomes.

The importance of optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the glycemic control of older adults with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Data from the study on aging and longevity EELO

INTRODUCTION: Optimal serum levels of vitamin D are of great importance, especially in populations with comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the relationship between hypovitaminosis D and glycemic control in older adults with type 2 DM. METHODS: Cross-sectional and prospective study, part of the EELO project (Study on Aging and Longevity), conducted in Southern Brazil. Glycated hemoglobin (diabetes ≥6.5%) and serum levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D) were evaluated. Hypovitaminosis D was determined using cutoff points <20 and <30 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk of having uncontrolled DM. RESULTS: Of the 120 older adults included in the study, aged between 60 and 87 years, 74.2% were women, 66.7% used hypoglycemic medications and 75.8% exhibited uncontrolled diabetes. An inverse correlation was observed between the levels of 25(OH) D and glycated hemoglobin (rS=-0.19, p=0.037), suggesting that low levels of vitamin D are associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic individuals. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D when using the cutoff points of <20 and <30 ng/mL were 34.2% and 75.0%, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) analysis showed that individuals with 25(OH)D<20ng/mL have almost 4 times more risk of having uncontrolled DM (OR:3.94; CI95%:1.25-12.46, p=0.02) when compared to the older adults with sufficient levels of vitamin D. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the optimal serum levels currently recommended for 25(OH)D should preferably be 30 ng/mL or higher to contribute to better glycemic control in older adults with type 2 DM.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os níveis séricos ideais de vitamina D são de grande importância, especialmente na população com comorbidades como o Diabetes Mellitus (DM). OBJETIVO: O estudo avaliou a relação entre hipovitaminose D e controle glicêmico em idosos com DM tipo 2. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e prospectivo, parte do projeto EELO (Estudo sobre Envelhecimento e Longevidade), no Sul do Brasil. A hemoglobina glicada (diabetes ≥6,5%) e os níveis séricos de vitamina D (25(OH)D) foram avaliados. Hipovitaminose D foi determinada usando ponto de corte <20 e <30 ng/mL. Regressão logística multivariada foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de ter DM descompensado. RESULTADOS: Dos 120 idosos incluídos no estudo, idade entre 60 a 87 anos, 74,2% eram mulheres, 66,7% faziam uso de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes e 75,8% apresentavam diabetes descompensada. Uma correlação inversa foi observada entre os níveis de 25(OH)D e hemoglobina glicada (rS=-0,19; p=0.037), sugerindo que baixos níveis de vitamina D está associado a um pior controle glicêmico em diabéticos. A prevalência de hipovitaminose D quando se utiliza ponto de corte <20 e <30 ng/mL foi de 34,2% e 75,0%, respectivamente. A análise Odds ratio (OR) mostrou que indivíduos com 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL tem quase 4 vezes mais risco de ter DM descompensado (OR:3,94; IC95%:1,25­12,46; p=0,02) quando comparado aos idosos com níveis suficientes de vitamina D. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que os níveis sérios ideais atualmente recomendados para 25(OH)D maior ou igual a 30 ng/ml contribuem para o melhor controle glicêmico na população idosa com DM tipo 2.

Intervalos de referência de parâmetros de creatinina e hemoglobina glicosilada para a população adulta brasileira: pesquisa nacional de saúde / Intervalos de referencia de los parámetros creatinina y hemoglobina glicosilada para la población adulta brasileña: pesquisa nacional de saúde / Reference intervals of creatinine and glycated hemoglobin parameters for the brazilian adult population: national health survey

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar intervalos de referência (IR) de creatinina e hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) na população adulta brasileira. Métodos: estudo transversal, utilizando na base de dados Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), entre 2014-2015, composta por 8.952 adultos. Para estabelecer IR, aplicaram-se critérios de exclusão, removeram-se outliers e foi feita estratificação. Após esses procedimentos, a amostra constitui-se de 2.723 adultos para HbA1c e de 2.738 adultos para creatinina. Avaliaram-se diferenças pelos testes Mann Withney e Kruskal Wallis (p≤0,05). Resultados: homens (IR 0,69-1,25; mediana 0,95 mg/dL) apresentaram maiores IR para creatinina que mulheres (IR 0,53-1,05; mediana 0,74 mg/dL) e tiveram maiores valores de limites inferiores (LI) e mediana de HbA1c (sexo masculino: IR: 4,55-5,97; mediana 5,3%; sexo feminino: IR 4,49-5,97; mediana 5,20%) (p≤0,05). Nas mulheres, IR para creatinina foram mais elevados entre 45 a 59 anos (IR: 0,55-1,04; mediana 0,77 mg/dL) e a partir dos 60 anos (IR: 0,54-0,98; mediana 0,77 mg/dL (p≤0,05). Para HbA1c, homens apresentaram IR mais elevados a partir de 60 anos (IR 4,65-6,07; mediana 5,44%) e mulheres a partir de 45 anos (45 a 59 anos: IR 4,61-6,05; mediana 5,40%; e 60 anos ou mais: IR 4,82-6,03; mediana 5,50%) (p≤0,05). Para creatina, foram observados menores LI dos IR e mediana mais proeminente nos adultos de raça/cor branca (IR: 0,56-1,19; mediana 0,85%) em comparação com a parda (IR: 0,55-1,19; mediana 0,84%) (p≤0,05). Conclusão: IR próprios possibilitam desvelar as condições de saúde dos adultos brasileiros e podem subsidiar a identificação adequada de doença renal crônica e diabetes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar los intervalos de referencia (IR) de creatinina y hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) en la población adulta brasileña. Métodos: estudio transversal, utilizando la base de datos Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), entre 2014-2015, compuesto por 8.952 adultos. Para establecer la IR, se aplicaron criterios de exclusión, se eliminaron los valores atípicos y se realizó una estratificación. Tras estos procedimientos, la muestra estaba formada por 2.723 adultos para la HbA1c y 2.738 adultos para la creatinina. Las diferencias se evaluaron mediante las pruebas de Mann Withney y Kruskal Wallis (p≤0,05). Resultados: los hombres (IR 0,69-1,25; mediana 0,95 mg/dL) tenían un IR de creatinina más alto que las mujeres (IR 0,53-1,05; mediana 0,74 mg/dL) y presentaban valores de límite inferior (LI) y mediana de HbA1c más altos (hombre: IR: 4,55-5,97; mediana 5,3%; mujer: IR 4,49-5,97; mediana 5,20%) (p≤0,05). En las mujeres, los IR para la creatinina fueron mayores entre los 45 y los 59 años (IR: 0,55-1,04; mediana 0,77 mg/dL) y a partir de los 60 años (IR: 0,54-0,98; mediana 0,77 mg/dL (p≤0,05). En cuanto a la HbA1c, los hombres mostraron una IR más alta a partir de los 60 años (IR 4,65-6,07; mediana 5,44%) y las mujeres a partir de los 45 años (45 a 59 años: IR 4,61-6,05; mediana 5,40%; y 60 años o más: IR 4,82-6,03; mediana 5,50%) (p≤0,05). En el caso de la creatina, observamos un menor LI de los IR y una mediana más prominente en los adultos blancos (IR: 0,56-1,19; mediana 0,85%) en comparación con los adultos morenos (IR: 0,55-1,19; mediana 0,84%) (p≤0,05). Conclusión: las IR propias permiten desvelar las condiciones de salud de los adultos brasileños y pueden subsidiar la correcta identificación de la enfermedad renal crónica y la diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective : to estimate reference intervals (RIs) of creatinine and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Brazilian adult population. Methods : a cross-sectional study, using the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, PNS) database, between 2014-2015, consisting of 8,952 adults. To establish RIs, exclusion criteria were applied, outliers were removed and stratification was performed. After these procedures, the sample consisted of 2,723 adults for HbA1c and 2,738 adults for creatinine. Differences were evaluated by means of the Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests (p≤0.05). Results : men (RI: 0.69-1.25; median: 0.95 mg/dL) had higher RIs for creatinine than women (RI: 0.53-1.05; median: 0.74 mg/dL) and higher lower limit (LL) values and median HbA1c (male: RI: 4.55-5.97; median: 5.3%; female: RI: 4.49-5.97; median: 5.20%) (p≤0.05). In women, the RIs for creatinine were higher in the age groups between 45 and 59 years old (RI: 0.55-1.04; median: 0.77 mg/dL) and from 60 years old (RI: 0.54-0.98; median: 0.77 mg/dL (p≤0.05). For HbA1c, men had higher RIs from age 60 (RI: 4.65-6.07; median: 5.44%) and women from 45 years old (45-59: RI: 4.61-6.05; median: 5.40%; and 60 years old or more: RI: 4.82-6.03; median: 5.50%) (p≤0.05). For creatinine, lower RI LLs and more prominent medians were observed in white-skinned adults (RI: 0.56-1.19; median: 0.85%) when compared to brown-skinned (RI: 0.55-1.19; median: 0.84%) (p≤0.05). Conclusion : appropriate RIs make it possible to unveil the health conditions of Brazilian adults and can support proper identification of chronic kidney disease and diabetes.

The prevalence and related factors of pre?diabetes and diabetes among overweight and obese children in Urban schools

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pre?diabetes and diabetes among overweight and obese children in urban schools and factors associated with them, in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. Methods: A school based cross?sectional descriptive study was conducted to collect data on socio-demographic information, eating habits and physical activities, using a validated, pre-tested questionnaire. In addition, anthropometric measurements and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test were performed. Multivariate logistic regression analyze was performed to identify the factors associated with glycemic status by using SPSS v23. Results: Out of the 269 children recruited, 59% were obese. Prevalence of pre?diabetes (HbA1c 5.7%�4%) and diabetes (HbA1c ? 6.5%) were 20.1% (95% CI 15.5%�.4%) and 3.3% (95% CI 1.5%�3%) respectively. Multivariate regression shows that having a BMI of ? 27.5Kg/m2 (AOR=2.69), male gender (AOR=2.71) and ethnicity (AOR = 2.58) were found to be significant factors for higher HbA1c (?5.7%). Conclusions: Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes among overweight and obese school children was high and mainly associated with body weight which is a modifiable risk factor. Lifestyle modifications focusing on weight reduction among overweight and obese school children especially boys, need to be carried out.

Prescription of DPP4 inhibitors: Indication and effect on glycosylated hemoglobin in a primary care institution of Colombia / Prescripción de inhibidores de la DPP-4: indicación y efecto sobre la hemoglobina glicosilada en un primer nivel de Colombia

Abstract Introduction and objective: In Colombia, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors are recommended as second-best choice for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. However, no evaluation of the accomplishment or impact of this recommendation was performed. The objective was to determine the prescription of the DPP4 inhibitor according to the Colombian Clinicial Practice Guide regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment, and its effects on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Materials and methods: A descriptive study that included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended a first level between 2016 and 2018, had a prescription for DPP4 inhibitor and at least two control appointments. Variables included were sociodemographic, clinics, treatment and comorbidities. The unadjusted prescription was defined as the lack of accomplishment of Colombian guidelines. Descriptive statistics and X2 test were used for the comparison of categorical variables. A binary logistic regression model was applied. Results: 112 out of 207 patients accomplished inclusion criteria, of which 77 were women (68.8%). Also, 68.8% of the patients had an unadjusted prescription of the iDPP4. There was a 0.21% total reduction in HbA1c levels, with a mean of 198.2 ± 124 days between the first and second control measurement (reduction of 0.55% when the prescription was adjusted to the guidelines and 0.05% if it was unadjusted). Conclusion: There is a limited impact of DPP4 inhibitors regarding the reduction of HbA1c and metabolic control, and there is a slight follow-up to the Colombian guidelines in patients who attend a first level.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivo: En Colombia se recomiendan los inhibidores de la Dipeptidil Peptidasa-IV (iDPP4) como segunda opción para el manejo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. No se ha evaluado el cumplimiento e impacto de esta recomendación. Como objetivo se buscó determinar la prescripción de los iDPP4 según las recomendaciones de la Guía de Práctica Clínica colombiana, y su efecto sobre la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que consultaron a un primer nivel entre 2016 y 2018, y tenían formulado un iDPP4, con al menos dos consultas de seguimiento. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, tratamiento y comorbilidades. La prescripción no ajustada se definió como la falta de cumplimento de la recomendación de la guía colombiana. Se empleó estadística descriptiva y pruebas X2 para la comparación de variables categóricas. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Hubo 207 pacientes de los cuales 112 cumplieron criterios de inclusión, 77 eran mujeres (68,8%). El 68,8% de los pacientes presentaron una prescripción no ajustada del iDPP4. Hubo una reducción total de 0,21%, con una media de 198,2±124 días entre la primera y segunda medición de HbA1c de control (reducción de 0,55% cuando la prescripción se ajustaba a la guía colombiana y 0,05% cuando no). Conclusión: Hay un limitado impacto de los iDPP4 frente a la reducción de HbA1c y poco seguimiento de la guía colombiana en pacientes de primer nivel de atención.

Combination therapy with lansoprazole and cholecalciferol is associated with a slower decline in residual beta-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes: results of a pilot study

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of combination therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole on residual β-cell function and glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods Children aged 6-12 years with type 1 diabetes were allocated to receive cholecalciferol and lansoprazole (Group 1) or no treatment (Group 2). Children were maintained on their respective insulin regimens and kept records of blood sugar and insulin doses taken. Children were followed at three-month intervals for six months. Changes in mean fasting C-peptide and HbA1c levels, daily insulin doses, fasting blood glucose and mean blood glucose levels from baseline to end of the study were analyzed. Results Twenty-eight children (14 per group) met the eligibility criteria. Fasting C-peptide levels decreased significantly from baseline to study end in both groups (mean decrease -0.19±0.09ng/mL and -0.28±0.08ng/mL, p=0.04 and p=0.001; Group 1 and Group 2 respectively). However, fasting C-peptide level drop was significantly smaller in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (30.6% and 47.5% respectively; p=0.001). Likewise, daily insulin doses decreased significantly in both groups (-0.59±0.14units/kg and -0.37±0.24units/kg respectively; p=0.001). All patients recruited completed the study. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion Combined therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole for six months was associated with smaller decline in residual β-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Preliminary findings of this small-scale study need to be confirmed by larger studies. Registry of Clinical Trials (www.ctri.nic.in) under number REF/2021/03/041415 N.

Estresse no trabalho e níveis de hemoglobina glicada: o papel da escolaridade. Dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Job stress and glycated hemoglobin levels: the role of educational attainment. Baseline data from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Resumo Introdução: as condições estressantes do trabalho estão associadas ao aumento dos níveis glicêmicos, mas pouco se conhece sobre o papel da escolaridade neste contexto. Objetivos: analisar a associação entre o estresse psicossocial no trabalho e os níveis de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e a influência da escolaridade como modificador de efeito. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados de 11.922 trabalhadores ativos da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O estresse psicossocial no trabalho foi avaliado pelo modelo demanda-controle. Foram empregadas a regressão logística multinomial e interações multiplicativas. Resultados: em trabalhadoras do sexo feminino com baixa escolaridade, observou-se associação entre baixo uso de habilidades no trabalho (OR 1,56; IC95% 1,09-2,24) e HbA1c elevada. A baixa autonomia no trabalho foi relacionada à HbA1c limítrofe (OR 1,21; IC95% 1,01-1,45) e elevada (OR 1,73; IC95% 1,19-2,51). Entre trabalhadores do sexo masculino com baixa escolaridade, o trabalho de alto desgaste (OR 1,94; IC95% 1,18-3,21), o baixo uso de habilidades (OR 2,00; IC95% 1,41-2,83) e a baixa autonomia no trabalho (OR 1,58; IC95% 1,13-2,21) foram associados à HbA1c elevada. Conclusão: o estresse psicossocial no trabalho foi associado a níveis limítrofes e elevados de HbAlc para trabalhadores com baixa escolaridade de ambos os sexos. Assim, ações para modificar as relações de trabalho e prevenir doenças crônicas devem ser priorizadas.

Abstract Introduction: stressful work conditions are associated to increased glycemic levels, but little is known about the role of educational attainment in this association. Objectives: to analyze the association between psychosocial stress at work, levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and the role of educational attainment as an effect modifier. Methods: a cross-sectional study with baseline data from 11,922 active workers who participated in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Psychosocial stress at work was measured via the Demand-Control model. Multinomial logistic regression and multiplicative interactions were performed. Results: among female workers with low educational attainment, there was an association of low skill discretion and elevated HbA1c (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.09-2.24). Low decision authority was associated to borderline (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.01-1.45) and high (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.19-2.51) HbA1c. Among male workers with low educational attainment, high strain (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.18-3.21), low skill discretion (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.41-2.83), and low decision authority (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.13-2.21) were associated to high HbA1c. Conclusion: Stress at work was associated to high and borderline levels of HbAlc in workers from both genders with low educational attainment. Actions to modify work relations and to prevent chronic diseases should be prioritized for this group.

Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke with high stress hyperglycemia / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for acute ischemic stroke with stress hyperglycemia under the guidance of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c).Methods:The clinical data of 195 patients of acute cerebral infarction with admission blood glucose over 22.2 mmol/L and GHbA1c less than 15.59% were collected in Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital from January 2018 to June 2021 and analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into control group (60 cases), rt-PA low-dose group (0.6 mg/kg, 70 cases) and rt-PA standard-dose group (0.9 mg/kg, 65 cases) to evaluate the guiding effect of GHbA1c and the efficacy and safety of rt-PA.Results:The effective rate at 24 hours and good rate at 7 days were 61.4% (43/70) and 72.9% (51/70) in the rt-PA low-dose group, 64.6% (42/65) and 69.2% (45/65) in the rt-PA standard-dose group, respectively, both better than the control group [30.0% (18/60); χ2=18.25, P<0.001 and 46.7% (28/60); χ2=13.65, P=0.001]. The good outcome rate at 90 days was 82.8% (58/70) in the rt-PA low-dose group, which was better than 63.3% (38/60) in the control group (χ2=6.38, P=0.016), but without statistically significant difference compared with the rt-PA standard-dose group [72.3% (47/65); χ2=2.17, P=0.153]. The case fatality rate at 90 days of the rt-PA low-dose group was 7.1% (5/70), which was lower than 20.0% (13/65) in the rt-PA standard-dose group (χ2=4.82, P=0.041) and 18.3% (11/60) in the control group (χ2=5.04, P=0.030). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 8.5% (6/70) and 2.9% (2/70) in the rt-PA low-dose group, lower than 20.0% (13/65; P=0.048) and 13.8% (9/65; P=0.020) in the rt-PA standard-dose group. The incidence of extracranial hemorrhage was 7.1% (5/70) in the rt-PA low-dose group, lower than 18.9% (12/65) in the rt-PA standard-dose group ( P=0.042). Conclusion:Acute cerebral infarction patients with admission blood glucose over 22.2 mmol/L can receive rt-PA treatment when GHbA1c is less than 15.59%, and 0.6 mg/kg dosage is recommended.

Relationship between pancreatic fibrotic markers and glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 3c diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between pancreatic fibrotic marker transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and platelet derived growth factor-BB(PDGF-BB) and serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with type 3c diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis(CP-T3cDM).Methods:The clinical data of 39 patients with CP-T3cDM admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University between February 2018 and August 2020 were collected, and the patients' age, gender, body mass index, duration of chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, serum HbA1c level at admission, degree of pancreatic atrophy, morphology of the main pancreatic duct, and treatment of diabetes mellitus were recorded. Serum TGF-β and PDGF-BB were detected by ELISA. Patients were divided into high and low level group according to the median TGF-β and PDGF-BB levels, respectively. Clinical characteristics of patients were compared between the TGF-β and PDGF-BB high and low level group. The correlation between TGF-β, PDGF-BB and HbA1c was analyzed by Spearman's correlation analysis.Results:A total of 39 CP-T3cDM patients were included; 35 were male and 4 were female. The age of first onset of chronic pancreatitis was (42±14) years old, and the duration of diabetes mellitus was 24(4, 36) months. The serum HbA1c level was (7.8±1.6)%, and the serum TGF-β and PDGF-BB levels were 20.5(10.5, 43.1) and 647.5(276.9, 1349.2)pg/ml, respectively. The serum HbA1c levels of patients in the high-level group of serum TGF-β and PDGF-BB were significantly higher than those in the corresponding low-level group [8.6%(7.4%, 9.9%) vs 6.7%(6.2%, 7.8%) and 8.6%(7.4%, 9.6%) vs 6.7%(6.1%, 7.8%), respectively] , and the difference was statistically different (both P value <0.01), while none of other indicators showed statistically significant differences between both groups. The correlation analysis showed that the levels of TGF-β and PDGF-BB were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c level ( r=0.45, 0.53, both P value <0.01). Conclusions:Increased pancreatic fibrosis in patients with CP-T3cDM was an important factor contributing to elevated blood glucose level. Patients with higher serum pancreatic fibrotic factors exhibited a significant increase in HbA1c level.

Efectos de una intervención con llamadas telefónicas educativas para mejorar la adherencia y el control metabólico en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mal controlada: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Effects of an Intervention with educational phone calls to improve adherence and metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial

RESUMEN Introducción: Las tecnologías de información y comunicación pueden ayudarnos a mejorar el control metabólico y la adherencia de las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una intervención con llamadas telefónicas en pacientes ambulatorios con DM2 mal controlada de un hospital en Perú. Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Incluimos adultos con DM2 con mal control glicémico (HbA1c > 7%), quienes fueron aleatorizados al grupo control (cuidado usual) o al grupo intervención (cuidado usual más una intervención con llamadas telefónicas cada dos semanas por tres meses). El desenlace principal fue la reducción ≥ 1% de hemoglobina glicosilada a los tres meses. Resultados: Se reclutó 94 participantes (47 en cada grupo). La edad promedio fue 59,8 años (DE: 10,2), 69,2 % fueron mujeres. A los tres meses, solo 14/47 participantes del grupo control y 13/47 participantes del grupo intervención tuvieron medición de HbA1c. Entre estos, el porcentaje de los que lograron una disminución ≥ 1% de HbA1c fue de 35,7% (5/14) en el grupo control y 53,8% (7/13) en el grupo intervención (RR: 0,72, IC 95%: 0,35-1,47). No se encontró diferencias en la adherencia al tratamiento entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los desenlaces de interés. Posiblemente esto se deba al bajo porcentaje de participantes a los que se logró completar el seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Information and communication technologies can help us improve metabolic control and adherence in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention with telephone calls in outpatients with poorly controlled DM2 in a hospital in Peru. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. We included adults with DM2 with poor glycemic control, who were randomized to the control group (usual care) or to the intervention group (usual care plus a telephone intervention every two weeks for three months). The primary outcome was a ≥ 1% reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin at three months. Results: 94 participants were recruited (47 in each group). Mean age was 59.8 years (SD: 10.2), 69.2 % were women. At three months, only 14/47 participants in the control group and 13/47 participants in the intervention group had HbA1c measurement. Among these, the percentage of those who achieved a ≥ 1% decrease in HbA1c was 35,7% (5/14) in the control group and 53,8% (7/13) in the intervention group (RR: 0,72, 95% CI: 0,35-1,47). No differences were found in adherence to treatment between groups. Conclusions: No statistically significant differences were found for the outcomes of interest. This is possibly due to the low percentage of participants who were able to complete follow-up. Innovative solutions are needed to improve the control of people with DM2.

Efectos de una intervención con llamadas telefónicas educativas para mejorar la adherencia y el control metabólico en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mal controlada: Un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Effects of an Intervention with educational phone calls to improve adherence and metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial

Introducción: Las tecnologías de información y comunicación pueden ayudarnos a mejorar el control metabólico y la adherencia de las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una intervención con llamadas telefónicas en pacientes ambulatorios con DM2 mal controlada de un hospital en Perú. Material y Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Incluimos adultos con DM2 con mal control glicémico (HbA1c > 7%), quienes fueron aleatorizados al grupo control (cuidado usual) o al grupo intervención (cuidado usual más una intervención con llamadas telefónicas cada dos semanas por tres meses). El desenlace principal fue la reducción ≥ 1% de hemoglobina glicosilada a los tres meses. Resultados: Se reclutó 94 participantes (47 en cada grupo). La edad promedio fue 59,8 años (DE: 10,2), 69,2 % fueron mujeres. A los tres meses, solo 14/47 participantes del grupo control y 13/47 participantes del grupo intervención tuvieron medición de HbA1c. Entre estos, el porcentaje de los que lograron una disminución ≥ 1% de HbA1c fue de 35,7% (5/14) en el grupo control y 53,8% (7/13) en el grupo intervención (RR: 0,72, IC 95%: 0,35-1,47). No se encontró diferencias en la adherencia al tratamiento entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los desenlaces de interés. Posiblemente esto se deba al bajo porcentaje de participantes a los que se logró completar el seguimiento.

Introduction: Information and communication technologies can help us improve metabolic control and adherence in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention with telephone calls in outpatients with poorly controlled DM2 in a hospital in Peru. Material and Methods: Randomized clinical trial. We included adults with DM2 with poor glycemic control, who were randomized to the control group (usual care) or to the intervention group (usual care plus a telephone intervention every two weeks for three months). The primary outcome was a ≥ 1% reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin at three months. Results: 94 participants were recruited (47 in each group). Mean age was 59.8 years (SD: 10.2), 69.2 % were women. At three months, only 14/47 participants in the control group and 13/47 participants in the intervention group had HbA1c measurement. Among these, the percentage of those who achieved a ≥ 1% decrease in HbA1c was 35,7% (5/14) in the control group and 53,8% (7/13) in the intervention group (RR: 0,72, 95% CI: 0,35-1,47). No differences were found in adherence to treatment between groups. Conclusions: No statistically significant differences were found for the outcomes of interest. This is possibly due to the low percentage of participants who were able to complete follow-up. Innovative solutions are needed to improve the control of people with DM2.

Frecuencia y factores asociados a la inercia tera¬péutica en inicio de insulinización en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus II en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, 2018 / Frequency and associated factors with therapeutic inertia at the start of insulin therapy in patients with Diabetes Mellitus II, Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca, 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Diabetes Mellitus II es un problema sanitario a nivel mundial, sin excepción en nuestro país. El tratamiento farmacológico de la DM2 se basa en un esquema escalonado, que varía según las necesidades del paciente y el desarrollo de la enfermedad, así como del control glucémico del mismo. El retraso en la intensificación del tratamiento o el inicio de la insulinización, hecho que se conoce como inercia terapéutica, obedece a diferentes factores atribuibles tanto al paciente, como al sistema sanitario, aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones crónicas, tanto micro como macrovasculares. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y de correlación. Se estudiaron 422 pacientes de consulta externa de Endocrinología y Medicina Interna del Hospital "José Carrasco Arteaga" en el año 2018, con diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus II que recibieron como tratamiento dos antidiabéticos orales; con el objetivo de conocer la frecuencia y factores asociados a la inercia terapéutica en estos pacientes. La recolección de datos se realizó a partir de las historias clínicas de los pacientes, en un formulario diseñado para el estudio. El análisis fue hecho en el programa SPSS v.25, aplicando estadística descriptiva y de correlación con la prueba Chi-cuadrado, con un nivel de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: El 59.2% de la muestra estudiada tenía 65 años o más, 54.7% fueron mujeres, 46.7% tenía sobrepeso y 36% obesidad. El 96.7% tenía tres o más años de evolución de la enfermedad, 63.7% presentaron control glucémico adecuado. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial, que se presentó en el 61.6%. El 87% tenía Metformina más Glibenclamida como tratamiento. El 86.3% se encontraban recibiendo su actual tratamiento por más de tres meses. La inercia terapéutica se presentó en el 25.8%, y de estos casos, la inercia se relacionó con el personal de salud en el 75.2%. CONCLUSIÓN: Se presentó inercia terapéutica en el 25.8% de la muestra. La mayoría de las inercias terapéuticas están relacionadas con el personal de salud. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa de la ocurrencia de la inercia terapéutica con la edad, el sexo, el nivel de instrucción, las comorbilidades, el estado nutricional o el tiempo de evolución de la DMII.(au)

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus II is a global health issue, with no exception in Ecuador. The pharmacological treatment of DM2 is based on a stepped scheme, which varies according to the patients' needs, the disease course, and the glycaemic control. The delay in the treatment intensification or the insulin initiation, known as therapeutic inertia, is caused by different factors attributable to both the patient and the health care systems, increasing the risk of both micro and macrovascular chronic complications. METHODS: we carried out an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlation study. 422 patients from the Endocrinology and Internal Medicine outpatient clinic of "Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga" in 2018, with DM2 diagnosis, who received two oral antidiabetic drugs as treatment were studied; with the purpose of identifying the frequency and associated factors with therapeutic inertia in these patients. Data was collected from medical records in a form designed for this study. The data analysis was made in the SPSS v.25 software, applying descriptive statistics and correlation statistics with Chi-square test, with a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: 59.2% of the sample was 65 years or older, 54.7% were women, 46.7% were overweight and 36% were obese. 96.7% had three or more years of diagnosis of the disease, 63.7% had adequate glycaemic control. The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension, which occurred in 61.6% patients. 87% were using Metformin plus Glibenclamide as treatment. 86.3% were receiving their current treatment for more than three months. Therapeutic inertia presented in 25.8% of the sample, and of these cases, inertia was related to health personnel in 75.2%. CONCLUSION: therapeutic inertia presented in 25.8% of the sample. Most of the therapeutic inertias were related to the health personnel. No significant statistically association was found between the occurrence of therapeutic inertia with age, sex, educational level, comorbidities, nutritional status or years of evolution of DMII.(au)